An extensive review of Janus particle applications: Focusing on medical diagnostics and therapeutic

Janus particles (JPs) are a unique class of particles characterized by their asymmetrical structure, featuring two distinct faces with different surface properties. These particles have attracted significant attention due to their potential for a wide range of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, and theragnostic. This review comprehensively explores the properties, design parameters, and biomedical applications of JPs, focusing on the impact of their structure, surface functionality, and size on performance. The review emphasizes the ability of JPs to carry out multiple functions simultaneously, making them ideal candidates for targeted drug delivery systems and multifunctional imaging probes. Moreover, JPs’ role in cancer diagnosis and therapy, particularly in theragnostic applications, is extensively discussed, with a focus on their ability to integrate both therapeutic and imaging functions for effective and precise treatment. Additionally, the use of JPs in tissue engineering is examined, highlighting their potential to enhance cell adhesion, promote tissue regeneration, and provide mechanical support for tissue scaffolds. The challenges associated with biocompatibility, stability, and scalability of JPs in clinical applications are also addressed. This review underscores the promising potential of JPs in revolutionizing biomedical science. • Janus particles have dual-faced structures, granting unique anisotropic properties. • Janus particles mimic asymmetric biological structures for advanced biomedical use. • Janus particle features and uses depend on shape, surface, size, and composition. • Janus particles are categorized as polymeric, inorganic, or hybrid by composition. • Janus particles form via passive, active, or hybrid fabrication approaches.