Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators based sensors for human cardiovascular monitoring: progress and perspectives

Cardiovascular conditions remain the leading cause of death worldwide, driving a critical need for non-invasive, continuous, and dependable health monitoring results. Triboelectric nanogenerators have emerged as a groundbreaking technology enabling self-powered wearable sensors that convert natural biomechanical energy, such as heartbeat, pulse wave, and body motion, into electrical signals. The paper reviews the recent progress and development in TENG-based wearable sensors for cardiovascular monitoring, with a focus on monitoring particular and clinical healthcare. The working principles, advanced materials, structural designs, and integration with wireless data transmission, machine literacy, and bio-signal processing technologies are explored in this article. Operations, including heart rate shadowing, pulse rate analysis, blood pressure estimation, and electrocardiogram monitoring, are critically analyzed, along with their biocompatibility, safety, and long-term stability. Additionally, we addressed current challenges such as environmental continuity, signal reliability, energy operation, and proposed future directions emphasizing sustainable materials, AI-supported estimation, and green energy systems. The integration of TENG technology with innovative, wearable platforms represents a transformative step toward real-time, substantiated cardiovascular health monitoring, with broad and significant impact on telemedicine, preventative care, and implantable medical devices.