Analysis of the compound disaster caused by extreme rainfall and landslides in Sumatra, Indonesia in 2025 and its implications for disaster prevention and mitigation

This study investigates the extreme rainfall–landslide–flood disaster chain in November 2025 on Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The event caused significant casualties and infrastructure damage, exposing weaknesses in local emergency management and disaster warning systems. The research examines how climate forcing, topographic constraints, and land-use disturbances jointly shape hazard susceptibility and exposure along the disaster-chain evolution, particularly in steep mountain valleys and downstream floodplain corridors. By integrating rainfall data, remote sensing imagery, and public statistics, the study identifies key factors driving the disaster chain and offers insights for improving disaster risk reduction strategies, especially in high-risk areas affected by similar disaster-chain events.