Agrivoltaics with semi-transparent photovoltaics for sustainable hydrogen production: A review of concepts, applications, and synergies

Rising global demand for sustainable energy and food has driven the integration of agriculture with innovative renewable technologies, creating a transformative approach to meet these vital needs. It explores the synergies between agrivoltaics (AV), semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPV), and green hydrogen production, highlighting their potential in sustainable development. This review acknowledges and illustrates the concepts, potential benefits, and challenges of individual technologies (AV, STPV and hydrogen electrolysis). This study presents a critical analysis on a global scale, showing that spatial heterogeneity significantly impacts crop growth, yield, and quality, which vary greatly by species and environmental conditions. Combining these efficient technologies results in complete and effective sustainable systems that offer enhanced benefits, such as improved resource use efficiency, increased resilience to climate change, and higher overall productivity in agricultural practices. Advancements in AV engineering can significantly bolster agricultural productivity, environmental protection, and economic sustainability, making these integrated systems increasingly viable and attractive options for the global agricultural community. Therefore, the review emphasises the urgent need for expanded studies on a diverse range of crops, especially in semiarid regions where water conservation is paramount and highlights the importance of adopting standardised metrics for consistent evaluation.