Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of radiation shielding properties of vanadium-based V2CTx MXenes

Increasing energy demands and environmental problems have increased interest in advanced material technologies. In this context, two-dimensional nanomaterials, especially MXene, stand out because of their superior properties, such as high conductivity, mechanical strength, and chemical stability. Vanadium-based V 2 AlC and its derived V 2 CT x structures are noteworthy candidates for nuclear and energy applications because of their low neutron absorption capacity and high oxidation resistance. In this study, MXene was produced from the V 2 AlC MAX phase using a selective etching method, and the properties of the resulting V 2 CT x structure were investigated in detail. As a result of the etching process using hydrofluoric acid, it was observed that the dense and compact V 2 AlC structure transformed into a layered and "accordion-like" morphology. As the etching time increased, the layers became thinner, the void ratio increased, and the structure became more distinct. However, very long etching times also carry the risk of structural degradation. The produced samples were analyzed using different characterization techniques, such as SEM, XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR. The findings showed that the Al layers were largely removed, and functional groups, such as –O, –OH, and –F, were formed on the surface. XRD and Raman results confirmed that the transformation from the MAX phase to the MXene structure was successful. Furthermore, the gamma-ray attenuation performance of the materials was investigated. The results showed that the attenuation coefficient decreased as the photon energy increased. The best radiation shielding performance was obtained for the sample etched for 120 h. This indicates that not only density but also microstructure and phase distribution play a significant role. In conclusion, V 2 CT x MXene structures are promising materials for energy, environmental, and nuclear applications owing to their improved physical properties and effective radiation shielding capabilities.