Obeylaw Moyo, Hainan Sun, Jiaqiao Yang, Xiaomin Xu, Zongping Shao
This review explores the multi-scale dynamics of gas evolution in electrochemical water splitting. By integrating operando techniques with hierarchical material design and system-level flow engineering, advanced bubble-management strategies minimize interfacial resistance and transport losses, paving the path for high-performance, durable electrolyzers.