Matheus de Matos Dourado Simões, Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa, Fátima de Cássia Evangelista de Oliveira, Juliane Aparecida Crispin Carlos, Renan Dos Santos Nogueira, Eugênio de Moura Campos, Patrícia Andréa da Fonseca Magalhães, Antonio Brazil Viana Júnior, Raelle Ferreira Gomes, Regina Celia Monteiro de Paula, Rosemayre Souza Freire, Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal, Thais Nunes de Melo, Francisco Carlos Carneiro Soares Salomão, Felipe Domingos de Sousa, Allysson Allan de Farias, Danielle S Macedo, Maristela Schiabel Adler, Ubiratan Cardinalli Adler, Lia Lira Olivier Sanders
The physicochemical properties of highly diluted homeopathic preparations remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated particulate features of Kali carbonicum (K2CO3) at 50-millesimal potencies (LM4-LM7, ~1:50,000 dilutions per step) and explored plasma proteomic changes in a placebo-controlled N-of-1 trial. Scanning electron microscopy showed larger particle size in Kali carbonicum (67.3 nm) than in the lactose control (47.5 nm) at LM4 in a descriptive comparison. Dynamic light scattering showed no significant differences in size, polydispersity, or zeta potential among Kali carbonicum, lactose control, and solvent blank, accounting for vial-level clustering. Atomic force microscopy showed more compact dendritic assemblies in Kali than in lactose controls, suggesting trituration influences self-organization. Raman spectroscopy of LM7 detected carbonate-associated bands absent in controls. Plasma proteomics identified six FDR-significant proteins during Kali exposure, including increased S100A9, with exploratory enrichment for inflammation, cytoskeletal, and motility terms. These findings are exploratory and do not imply causality.