A historical perspective of radioprotection studies in India with a focus on plant-derived radioprotectors.

This article reviews the evolution of radioprotection research in major Indian laboratories over the past seventy years, tracing a systematic progression in the exploration of various protective agents. The significant contribution of premier Indian institutions dedicated to 'Radioprotection Development Programme' is highlighted. Early investigations focused on synthetic radiopro-tectors, particularly sulphydryl compounds, which demonstrated strong radioprotective effects in laboratory settings. However, their clinical application was limited due to severe tissue toxicity. Subsequent research shifted toward natural thiols, novel synthetic compounds, and antioxidant nutrients. While these approaches produced encouraging experimental results, only a few showed real promise in clinical contexts. In recent decades, there has been a marked increase in studies on phytochemicals and herbal extracts, especially in Asian countries, driven by rich biodiversity and traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda in India. These phyto-products have shown high potential as effective radioprotectors with minimal toxicity. India has emerged as a key contributor in this domain, with extensive indigenous research efforts. Using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, this review identifies and compiles 46 Indian medicinal plants investigated for their radioprotective properties. Extract-based studies reveal promising efficacy through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant activity and tissue protection. Preclinical findings demonstrate the ability of plant-derived bioactive compounds to mitigate radiation-induced damage. Notable examples include orientin and vicinin (Ocimum sanctum), podophyllin (Podophyllum hexandrum), curcumin (Curcuma longa), phyllanthin and flavonoids (Phyllanthus niruri) and polyphenol rich Rhodiola imbricata. Despite promising efficacy, clinical translation remains limited due to issues like poor bioavailability, low solubility, and formulation instability. This review concludes addressing the various pharmacological limitations, advanced delivery strategies, and the need for validated biomarkers for radiation damage to improve therapeutic effectiveness.