Patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) in maternity care for racially, ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse women: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) are increasingly used in maternity care to systematically capture women's experiences of care. However, there is limited evidence on their development, adaptation, validation, and application for childbearing women from racially, ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse (RECALD) backgrounds. AIM: To synthesise literature on maternity-specific and generic PREMs developed, adapted, validated, and used to measure maternity care experiences among RECALD women. METHODS: This review was guided by the Arksey and O'Malley and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for conducting scoping reviews. Five databases including CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus were systematically searched for studies published between January 2010 and July 2025. Grey literature was searched through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global and Google search. FINDINGS: A total of 55 studies described the development, validation or application of 25 maternity-specific and four generic PREMs. Only three PREMs were developed specifically for RECALD women, and six (five maternity-specific and one generic) were psychometrically validated in this population. Communication, respect, autonomy, and safe and supportive care were commonly addressed across PREMs, whereas culturally specific dimensions were less frequently captured. Several RECALD groups were inadequately represented across studies. PREMs were predominantly administered in English, with inconsistent or inadequate cultural adaption. Further, RECALD women's involvement in PREM development and validation processes remained limited. CONCLUSION: Few tools are developed and culturally validated, limiting their relevance for RECALD women. Future research should prioritise rigorous development and validation, with participatory engagement of RECALD women, to ensure culturally sensitive, accessible measures that improve care experiences, satisfaction, and engagement.