Research progress of high-porosity biomedical porous titanium alloys

Highly porous titanium alloys have emerged as a focal point of research in the field of bone repair and replacement materials, owing to their exceptional biocompatibility, elastic modulus closely matching that of natural bone, and three-dimensional interconnected porous structures that facilitate osseointegration. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the influence of key pore parameters including porosity, pore size, and pore morphology on the mechanical and biological performance of porous titanium alloys with high-porosity. Advanced fabrication technologies, such as powder metallurgy, can effectively and economically regulate properties by varying pore characteristics of porous titanium alloys through process optimization and adding pore-forming agents, etc. Additive manufacturing, on the other hand, enables precise control over pore characteristics, providing a viable pathway for the customized design of performance matching to human bone. Furthermore, the current technical challenges in the development and application of highly porous titanium alloys are analyzed, and future research directions are proposed to advance performance optimization and their clinical applications. • Integrates advances in powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing for preparing biomedical porous titanium alloys. • Explains the impact of pore structure on properties of biomedical porous titanium alloys. • Highlights the preclinical prospects of multifunctional structural design and long-term biological stability.