Experimental investigation of surface strain behavior in commercial pouch and prismatic Lithium-Ion batteries

The surface strain of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a critical signal for accurate internal state estimation and safety monitoring. However, a unified understanding of strain evolution for different cell formats is still lacking. In this investigation, fiber Bragg grating sensors were employed to acquire decoupled measurements of surface strain and temperature in commercial pouch and prismatic LIBs. Static experiments under controlled state of charge (SOC) and temperature conditions enabled a systematic analysis of surface strain characteristics, revealing the underlying response mechanisms for each cell type. Notably, under SOC-induced variations, the side-surface strain of prismatic cells evolves opposite to the cell’s volumetric change and exhibits a strong negative correlation with SOC, a phenomenon reported here for the first time. Cycling experiments further provided dynamic strain data, and a strain composition model was developed to quantitatively assess the contributions of SOC, temperature, and inconsistency-induced strain to total dynamic strain. Finally, the stage-wise evolution of dynamic strain was analyzed, elucidating the dominant mechanisms at each stage. This work provides both theoretical and experimental guidance for optimizing surface strain measurement in commercial LIBs and lays the foundation for high-precision, mechanically informed state estimation and intelligent fault diagnosis in engineering applications.