Real-time detection of potato spoilage by gas sensor array coupled with microbiological analysis

Vegetable spoilage is a major contributor to global food loss, with potatoes being especially vulnerable due to their high nutrient content and microbial susceptibility. This study introduces a real-time, non-invasive method for detecting potato spoilage using a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor array, focusing on the MQ-3 sensor. An Arduino-based system continuously monitored gas emissions under ambient, high-humidity, and UV-treated storage conditions. Sensor data were validated against microbiological analysis, including E. coli , coliforms , total aerobic counts, yeast, and mold. A strong correlation was observed between sensor resistance decline and microbial growth, with MQ-3 showing high sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). UV pretreatment delayed microbial activity and stabilized sensor signals. Comparative analysis revealed that only MQ-3 and MQ-135 were effective for early potato spoilage detection. These findings demonstrate the potential of low-cost MOS sensors as practical alternatives to traditional methods, enhancing food safety and reducing post-harvest losses. • Real-time, noninvasive MQ array detects potato spoilage early. • UV pretreatment delays VOC emissions, confirmed by sensors and cultures. • Only MQ-3 and MQ-135 reliably track microbial degradation. • Spoilage is flagged before visible symptoms, enabling proactive handling. • The system enables low-cost, scalable monitoring of food quality in real time.