Electrospun nanofibers for wearable cardiovascular health monitoring

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, driving the demand for innovative, non-invasive, and continuous monitoring technologies. Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a versatile solution due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. These properties enable their integration into wearable sensors, biosensors, and regenerative scaffolds for real-time cardiovascular health and therapy monitoring. This review comprehensively explores the evolution of electrospinning techniques, including coaxial, centrifugal, multi-coaxial, side-by-side, and multilayer methods, and their applications in developing advanced cardiovascular devices. Emphasis is placed on electrospun nanofibers for pulse wave and blood pressure monitoring, ECG acquisition, cardiac biomarker detection, and tissue engineering. Additionally, the review discusses polymer selection, fabrication parameters, and the challenges of clinical translation. By highlighting recent innovations and future directions, this work underscores the transformative potential of electrospun nanofibers in personalised cardiovascular diagnostics and regenerative medicine.