Achieving superior supercapacitor performance through synergistic integration of reduced graphene oxide and antimony-doped tin oxide nanostructures

Nanocomposites integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are highly attractive for energy storage due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and efficient charge transport pathways. This research presents the design of rGO-modified antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). ATO offers excellent electrical conductivity and stability, while rGO enhances surface area and charge transport. The rGO/ATO composite, synthesized via a hydrothermal process followed by chemical reduction, exhibited a well-integrated nanostructure. Electrochemical measurements revealed a remarkable specific capacitance of 664 F/g at 3 mA/cm 2 , alongside superior rate capability and long-term cycling stability (81 % retention after 10,000 cycles). The assembled hybrid pouch-type SCs, employing rGO/ATO and activated carbon electrodes, delivered 81 F/g with an energy density of 19 Wh/kg 1 and power density of 590 W/kg. Overall, the rGO/ATO hybrid demonstrates excellent stability and energy–power balance, underscoring its strong potential for next-generation sustainable energy storage devices. • RGO-ATO composite synthesized via hydrothermal and chemical reduction methods. • The composite achieves a high specific capacitance of 664 F/g at 3 mA/cm 2 . • RGO/ATO-based hybrid supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 19 Wh/kg.