Experimental and statistical analysis of anodized commercially pure titanium for biomedical applications using response surface methodology

Commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti) is widely utilized in biomedical implants due to its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, implant performance strongly depends on surface characteristics that influence osseointegration and biological response. In this study, anodizing was employed as a surface modification technique to enhance the microhardness, roughness, and wettability of CP-Ti. A two-factor, five-level Central Composite Design (CCD) based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to systematically investigate the effects of anodizing time and voltage on surface properties. Statistical models were developed to predict and optimize the responses, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed that both parameters significantly affected surface outcomes (p < 0.05). The optimized anodizing conditions produced a surface with high hardness, moderate roughness, and enhanced wettability, characteristics favorable for bone integration. The developed models demonstrated strong predictive accuracy with high coefficients of determination (R 2 > 0.95). Electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted on artificial saliva solutions using a three-electrode system, and the results showed that the corrosion resistance of the optimized anodized samples was better compared to other conditions. The study establishes a reliable statistical framework for optimizing anodizing parameters of titanium, offering valuable insights for the design of durable and biocompatible dental and orthopedic implants.