Different no more: Country spreads in advanced and emerging economies

Interest rate spreads vary widely across time and countries and are a central driver of business cycles in emerging market economies (EMEs). Since 2008, advanced market economies (AMEs) have exhibited persistently higher and more volatile spreads, alongside increased macroeconomic volatility and stronger co-movement with EMEs. We document six facts showing that AMEs have become more similar to EMEs along key dimensions. We interpret these patterns through a small open economy model and uncover a stark dichotomy: higher spreads reflect greater indebtedness and lower debt tolerance, whereas greater macroeconomic volatility and co-movement are driven by stronger global shocks.