Current obstacles for continuous cropping of Panax species and mitigation strategies

species. It evaluates evidence for the primary causal factors, assesses current mitigation strategies, and highlights areas where findings are robust or still uncertain. By integrating soil science, plant physiology, and microbial ecology, the review identifies practical approaches already in use and emerging technologies with potential to improve outcomes. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and outline priority directions for future research aimed at clarifying mechanisms and translating that knowledge into an effective management framework. The ultimate goal is to provide a theoretical basis to guide the development of scalable, evidence-based practices that alleviate continuous cropping obstacles in the cultivation of