Non-Thermal Technologies for Enhanced Enzymic Hydrolysis of Bioactive Peptides from Plant Proteins: Mechanisms, Advances, and Future Directions

Background Growing demand for bioactive peptides in functional foods and pharmaceuticals has made the efficient production of novel bioactive peptides a research focus. Non-thermally assisted proteolysis of plant proteins has attracted considerable research interest for enhancing hydrolytic efficiency and bioactivity, while addressing the practical limitations of plant proteins. However, the lack of systematic comparisons of mechanisms and parameters across different non-thermal technologies has hindered innovation and industrial application. Aim This review examines and compares modes of action and mechanisms of non-thermally assisted proteolysis of plant proteins. Based on distinct mechanical effects from different treatment stages, we explore stage-specific mechanical action, analyze the impact of parameter variation on non-thermally assisted proteolysis and discuss current technologies and industrialization challenges. Key scientific concepts of review Different non-thermal technologies can significantly enhance proteolysis efficiency through diverse mechanisms. Non-thermal technologies produce distinct mechanical actions at different processing stages, leading to variations in the mechanisms of subsequent proteolysis. Optimizing proteolysis conditions is essential for regulating enzyme-plant protein conformational interactions. Despite existing challenges, these methods offer a promising alternative to conventional proteolysis methods, by preserving peptide integrity and enhancing bioactivity. Future research should focus on optimizing these technologies, addressing cost-related issues and developing innovative new processes. Broader application studies are needed to validate the practical benefits of these methods in the food industry, potentially enabling more efficient and cost-effective production of high-quality plant peptides.