Djilali Benabdelmoumene, Ahmed Mediani, Wasim S. M. Qadi, Pei Lou Wong, Said Dahmouni, Zineb Bengharbi, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, Faridah Abas
Lycopene (C 40 H 56 ), a carotenoid abundant in tomatoes, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Its 11 conjugated double bonds confer superior singlet oxygen quenching activity with reduced prostate cancer and cardiovascular risks via modulation of NF-κB, IGF-1, MMP activities, and epigenetic pathways. Despite its therapeutic potential, clinical application is hindered by poor availability. Recent advances in delivery systems including nanoemulsions, smart carriers, and 3D-printed nutraceuticals enhance stability and targeted absorption. Concurrently, production is shifting toward sustainable methods like supercritical CO 2 and microbial biosynthesis using engineered E. coli and Yarrowia lipolytica , further optimized by AI-assisted fermentation and omics-based tools. While lycopene holds GRAS-certified (FDA) and E160d (EU) status, regulatory inconsistencies and limited clinical substantiation of health claims remain. Future research should emphasize systems biology, genotype-specific trials, and harmonized regulations to unlock lycopene's potential in precision health and nutraceutical innovation. • Lycopene shows high potential in precision health advantages • Its 11 double bonds give the highest singlet oxygen quenching among carotenoids • Nanoformulation greatly improve lycopene stability, absorption and bioavailability • Green extraction and microbial biosynthesis boost sustainable lycopene production • Future work needs systems biology, genotype-specific trials and clearer regulations