Xiaolong Li, Shiyi Pan, Jiaqi Liu, Bing Tian, Qiuping Wang, Cheng Zhang
As a traditional, edible and medicinal tonic Chinese medicine, Pseudostellaria heterophylla exhibits significant effects in replenishing vital energy, stimulating fluid synthesis, invigorating spleen, and moistening lung. Despite its widespread use, a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of action and recent advances in the pharmacological research of this plant remains lacking. Approximately 289 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from P. heterophylla , with primary bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, cyclopeptides, alkaloids, and saponins. Pharmacological studies indicate that these active components work potentially in combination to modulate immune responses, inflammatory reactions, metabolic disorders, and neural impairment. The mechanisms involve restoring immune cell balance, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine release, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and promoting neural function and tissue repair, highlighting their potential as a novel strategy for treating various chronic and immune-metabolic diseases. While current research on the diverse bioactivities and applications of P. heterophylla faces several limitations, such as the need to elucidate component synergy, strengthen clinical translation evidence, and optimize standardized extraction and purification protocols. Current experimental evidence has demonstrated the potential of active compounds from P. heterophylla in immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory responses, and neuroprotection. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms, rigorously verifying clinical outcomes, and developing high-value-added products.