The properties and applications of carbon-based concrete: A review from the dimensionality differences of carbon-based materials.

Carbon-based concrete (CBC), prepared by addition of carbon-based materials (CBMs), holds promise for broadening the application scopes of traditional concrete. The dimensionality of the CBM, as the decisive factor, plays a crucial role in shaping CBC performance including mechanical and physicochemical properties. However, researches considering CBM dimensionality on the properties and applications of CBC are limited. This review provided a comprehensive summary of the effect of CBM on CBC with special perspective of CBM dimensionality, commencing with the research hotspots analysis of dimensionality-related articles from 2020 to 2025. Then, it divided the CBMs into four dimensionalities according to their physicochemical structure, followed by in-depth exploration of the impact of CBM dimensionality on properties and applications of CBC. Furthermore, this review addressed the performance distinction of CBC derived from the differences in dimensionality-triggered carbon atom connectivity and atomic composition of CBM via a modified mathematical analysis method. By offering this novel perspective, it would contribute to provide a highly-valued enlightenment for selecting or optimizing carbon precursor to prepare the desirable engineering-oriented CBC.