What makes industrial ecology work? Evidence for an alignment–affordances–substitution mechanism

This paper examines meso-level determinants and actors' strategies in the implementation of industrial ecology (IE) in a mature port ecosystem. Using a sustainability transitions framework, we analyze 30 semi-structured interviews with 28 stakeholders (firms, port governance, public agencies, intermediaries). Our findings underscore six interdependent factors that influence the adoption of IE: pressures and alignment from multiple policy levels, institutional legitimacy and convening power, market dynamics, existing technical infrastructures, organizational capabilities, and societal legitimacy. Additionally, data reveals six actors' strategies: policy leverage, organizational learning and knowledge transfer, collaboration platforms, collective resource mobilization and external support, a portfolio of quick wins and deep plays, and capacity substitution via a neutral intermediary. The study emphasizes the important role of intermediaries, infrastructures and policy alignment in the IE implementation. From a managerial perspective, it outlines a practical sequence of quick wins and more substantial initiatives. From a policy standpoint, it emphasizes the sustainable funding of intermediaries and adaptable multi-level programs.