Adsorption of organic micropollutants on biogenic activated carbon: Potential of kitchen waste and woody residues as feedstocks for advanced wastewater treatment

/g for kitchen waste) and high ash contents (around 20-50 %), bPACs exhibited satisfactory OMP adsorption. To achieve comparable performance to fossil PAC, 0.6-1.5 times the amount of hedge trimming based bPAC and 2.2-3.4 times the amount of kitchen waste based bPAC were required. Beyond surface area, surface chemistry was identified as a key factor influencing adsorption efficiency. A case study examining local availability showed that, even in an urban area, woody residues could meet the local demand for bPAC, whereas kitchen waste availability was a limiting factor. Overall, biogenic residues represent a viable alternative to fossil PAC, though adsorption performance cannot be reliably predicted by surface characterisation alone.