Octopus sucker-inspired, Turkish gall extract-integrated microneedle patch for oral ulcer mitigation

and in rodents. Applied to oral ulcer lesions in rats, the microneedle system exhibited prolonged mucosal retention with sustained drug release, significantly accelerating epithelial regeneration. These findings establish the sucker-inspired herbal microneedle platform as a mechanochemically optimized therapeutic strategy and provide a translational framework for modernizing traditional herbal delivery.