CRISPR-Cas9 engineering of CAR-T cells: Can non-viral nanoparticles unlock safer and scalable genome editing?

T cell programming; and outline genome-engineering strategies organized by therapeutic goals. We highlight feasibility trade-offs and discuss how nanoparticles could enable transient, non-viral delivery of genome editors, while noting that robust T cell targeting and standardized potency/safety assays remain key bottlenecks.