Development of solar photovoltaic as the mainstream source of energy in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR)

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) era is characterized by the adoption of Innovative and emerging renewable technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), which are pivotal in driving the transition to green energy. This study examines the synergies between solar PV and 4IR technology, such as AI and blockchain, enabling the development of distributed energy systems, intelligent grids, and sophisticated energy trading platforms. Recent technological advances in PV, such as bifacial, flexible, floating, perovskite and tandem cells, improve energy conversion efficiency and system durability, minimising dependency on conventional fuels and limiting CO2 emissions. The integration of energy storage solutions, such as batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air, and hydrogen systems, mitigates variability and ensures grid stability. The role of solar PV in providing rural areas with electricity has increased accessibility to green energy, thereby strengthening communities and local economies. Furthermore, PV promotes circular economy initiatives by facilitating reuse and recycling, and improves grid-integrated PV systems. Leveraging these prospects could see solar PV emerge as a reliable, mainstream energy source, aligning seamlessly with worldwide sustainability targets and championing decarburization alongside energy equality. Although there are barriers relating to finance, infrastructure, and regulation, introducing policy innovations could speed up the deployment of PV systems. This study emphasizes the necessity of further research, favourable regulations, and collaborative efforts between various stakeholders to realize the utmost capabilities of solar PV in developing a robust, sustainable approach to energy.