R. Geetha
: Contamination of wastewater with heavy metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic poses a significant threat to human health, water quality, and biodiversity. These non-biodegradable metals, when bioaccumulated, disrupt ecosystems and weaken food chains. Phytofabricated nanoscale zero-valent iron (phyto-nZVI), synthesized using plant extracts, offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective method for removing heavy metals from water. Phyto-nZVI nanoparticles are highly reactive and sustainable, making them ideal for water remediation, as they are derived from plant-based materials rich in bioactive compounds. This review highlights the progress in phyto-nZVI synthesis and its application in reducing metal toxicity through redox reactions, adsorption, and precipitation. Plant materials like bamboo, rice husks, and tea leaves are of particular interest due to their environmental benefits and their ability to enhance nanoparticle stability. These green nanoparticles are effective at removing metals like chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb), with efficiency influenced by factors such as pH, nanoparticle concentration, and production conditions. Despite its potential, the technology faces challenges including particle agglomeration, scalability, and production costs. Long-term environmental concerns, such as toxicity and bioaccumulation, must also be addressed. Future research should focus on improving phyto-nZVI synthesis, surface functionalization for stability, and combining it with other treatment methods to enhance contaminant removal. Such advancements could contribute to sustainable water remediation on a global scale.