V. Saisruthi, J. Aravind Kumar
The use of hybrid materials in healthcare technologies has been on the rise because of the capability of incorporating organic, inorganic and biological materials into single unified architectures that can give them multifunctional therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Although these systems have dramatic clinical benefits, their complicated structures and nanoscale interfaces also present new issues in terms of degradation patterns, chemical leaching, ecological life cycle, and chronic security. The review furnishes a detailed assessment of hybrid healthcare materials in terms of the interface-to-clinic-to-environment viewpoint, the material classifications, design strategies, fabrication schemes, and structure-property-biological functions-environment interactions. Hybrid systems: Major hybrid systems, such as polymer-ceramic systems, polymer-metal nanoparticles hybrids, hybrid hydrogels, biohybrid and living systems, and hybrid bioelectronics, are discussed in terms of applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, implants, antimicrobial platforms, and wearable diagnostics. They pay specific focus to the role that interfacial chemistry plays in determining degradation kinetics, release of energy ions and nanoparticles, immune response, and release routes to the environment. The issues of sustainability, life-cycle analysis, nano safety, and regulatory considerations are also critically analyzed to bring out the necessity of the materials' designing and manufacturing in an environmentally responsible manner in addition to clinical performance. This review creates guidelines for how next-generation hybrid healthcare materials can be developed to be both clinically effective and environmentally sustainable.