Sustainable functionalization of biodegradable materials for mosquito repellent extiles: A review of sources, application, and research directions

Growing concerns over chemical toxicity and environmental impact have driven the development of sustainable mosquito-repellent textiles using biodegradable natural materials and nanotechnology. This review analyzes recent advancements in sustainable textile innovations, focusing on renewable raw materials, advanced encapsulation methods, key challenges, and future opportunities. Key findings suggest that biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and alginate have highlighted significant performance as carriers for natural repellents like citronella, neem, and eucalyptus oils. Encapsulation techniques, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, spray drying, and electrospinning, significantly enhance the stability, wash durability, and controlled release of active agents. Surface-level applications with zinc oxide, silver, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide multifunctional benefits, such as mosquito repellency, antimicrobial activity, and UV protection, without declining fabric breathability or comfort. The application of biodegradable materials encourages circular economy principles by enabling recyclability or biodegradability, thereby minimizing environmental challenges. Despite promising laboratory-scale results, challenges remain in scaling up production, ensuring regulatory compliance, and addressing the long-term ecological risks of nanomaterials. Future research should focus on green synthesis methods, optimizing bio-nano systems for improved performance, and ensuring safe, cost-effective functionalization into commercial textile manufacturing