From inactivation to intervention: X chromosome silencing in disease pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic strategies

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a crucial epigenetic mechanism that balances X-linked gene expression in females via random silencing of one X chromosome. Skewed XCI—non-random inactivation favoring one allele—impacts disease penetrance in X-linked disorders. In heterozygous females, phenotypic severity correlates with XCI skewing degree. Accurate XCI quantification is critical for predicting clinical variability and improving risk assessment in X-linked mutation carriers. The X inactivation-specific transcript ( Xist ) gene drives XCI initiation through its long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that recruits polycomb repressive complexes 2 (PRC2) to establish stable heterochromatin. Bracingly, emerging therapies leveraging XCI reactivation ( e.g. , Xist RNA inhibition, Xist RNA epigenetic modification) show preclinical potential to rescue silenced alleles, advancing treatment strategies for X-linked diseases. This review synthesizes XCI mechanisms, current skewing detection methods, and therapeutic developments, providing a roadmap for clinical translation of XCI-targeted interventions.