Deferiprone Modulates Ferroptosis to Protect Macrophages and Liver during Neospora caninum Infection.

BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum (N. caninum), an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, infects nucleated cells across diverse mammalian hosts, resulting in severe clinical outcomes, including reproductive failure (abortion, stillbirth) and neurological impairment. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic cell death pathway characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation, is closely associated with disrupted iron metabolism and oxidative stress. Deferiprone (DFP), a clinically approved iron chelator, is widely used in the treatment of iron overload disorders such as β-thalassemia, Alzheimer's disease, and superficial hemosiderosis. While ferroptosis has been implicated in various disease states, its role in N. caninum infection remains unknown. METHODS: This study established in vitro and in vivo infection models to investigate the role of ferroptosis in N. caninum pathogenesis and the protective mechanism of DFP. In vitro, RAW 264.7 were infected with N. caninum and treated with DFP, followed by comprehensive assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) levels, intracellular iron content, GPX4 expression, and parasite proliferation via qPCR. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1 × 10^7 tachyzoites and orally administered DFP for seven days. Body weight, food intake, hepatic pathology, oxidative stress markers (GSH and MDA), iron levels, and ferroptosis-related gene expression (GPX4, FTH1, and TRF) were monitored. RESULTS: Our in vitro findings demonstrated that N. caninum infection significantly elevated ROS production and intracellular iron accumulation while depleting GSH and suppressing GPX4 transcription-hallmarks of ferroptosis. Remarkably, DFP treatment reversed these effects, restoring redox balance and protecting host tissue, not host control of infection. In vivo, DFP alleviated N. caninum-induced hepatic ferroptosis, as evidenced by normalized iron homeostasis, upregulated GPX4 and ferritin expression, and reduced histopathological damage. However, DFP exacerbated weight loss, suggesting a potential trade-off between ferroptosis inhibition and metabolic adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, these results establish ferroptosis as a critical pathogenic mechanism in N. caninum infection and highlight DFP's dual role in mitigating oxidative injury while possibly impairing host metabolic responses. Our findings provide novel insights into iron-targeted therapeutic strategies for combating intracellular parasitic infections, paving the way for future investigations into optimizing host-directed antiparasitic interventions.