From green extraction to clean-label formulation: natural deep eutectic solvents as multifunctional extraction–formulation systems for agri-food valorization

The transition toward sustainable agri-food systems requires efficient strategies for the valorization of bioactive compounds from food-processing byproducts. In this context, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional organic solvents, offering tailored physicochemical properties, low volatility, and compatibility with food-grade components. This review analyzes recent advances (2015-2025) in the use of NADES for the extraction, stabilization, and direct incorporation of bioactive compounds from agri-food residues. The available data indicate that NADES frequently achieve higher extraction yields of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins than conventional solvents, particularly when combined with intensification technologies such as ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction. In addition to extraction efficiency, NADES provide protective microenvironments that enhance the stability and bioavailability of sensitive compounds. Their potential for solvent recycling and direct integration into food matrices represents a significant advantage over traditional extraction workflows by reducing solvent removal steps and environmental impact. Applications in beverages, bakery products, emulsions, edible coatings, and encapsulated systems demonstrate the feasibility of NADES-based extracts for clean-label functional foods without compromising sensory acceptance. However, challenges related to viscosity, process standardization, techno-economic feasibility, and regulatory evaluation remain key factors influencing industrial implementation. Overall, NADES can be considered multifunctional extraction-formulation platforms that support the transition from conventional solvent-based extraction toward integrated and sustainable agri-food valorization strategies.