From bioactive chemistry to packaging function: a structure-interaction-release framework for sustainable food packaging.

Bioactive materials offer a promising route to sustainable food packaging with antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzymatic, probiotic, and sensing functions; however, their performance cannot be predicted from intrinsic bioactivity alone. This review establishes a Bioactive-Matrix-Structure-Release-Function (BMSRF) framework linking bioactive chemistry and molecular interactions with matrix architecture, transport behavior, functional efficacy, and food-preservation outcomes. Particular emphasis is placed on the transition from bioactivity to bioavailability and ultimately bioefficacy at the food-packaging interface. Across natural extracts, essential oils, probiotics, enzymes, and nanomaterials, the review identifies interconnected trade-offs among activity, stability, retention, release, mechanical integrity, and barrier performance, interpreting these relationships as design constraints rather than isolated limitations. Based on these relationships, rational design rules are proposed for matching bioactive chemistry, matrix architecture, and release kinetics to food environments and preservation targets. Emerging approaches including advanced encapsulation, stimuli-responsive systems, predictive modeling, and AI-assisted formulation are discussed toward predictive and scalable sustainable packaging design.