A comprehensive review of the traditional uses, edibility, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological effects of Yacon.

Yacon is a perennial herb native to the Andes region. Its tuberous roots are commonly consumed as a "functional fruit," while its leaves are often used for agricultural composting or waste management in some areas. Current research suggests that the tuberous roots of yacon exhibit promising potential in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as improving insulin resistance. Additionally, its leaves may also hold potential research value. However, most studies to date have focused on analyzing the active components of the tuberous roots, with limited research on the utilization of the leaves. The specific mechanisms by which it improves metabolic syndrome have not yet been fully elucidated. Based on this, this article reviews the chemical characteristics and pharmacological activities of yacon, with a focus on the potential of its tuberous roots and leaves to improve metabolic syndrome. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, and the CNKI database using keywords including "yacon," "metabolic syndrome," "phenolic acids," "flavonoids," "oligosaccharides," and "mechanism." Yacon and yacon extract play a certain role in improving metabolism, including lowering blood sugar and blood lipids, as well as providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and regulating the gut microbiota. By leveraging its bioactive compounds to improve parameters associated with metabolic syndrom, yacon provides an effective way of managing this condition. Future studies should aim to clarify the pharmacological and toxicological effects of yacon's bioactive compounds to advance their application in medical and health products.