Market-based coordination of hydrogen energy in integrated energy systems: Evidence from Nash bargaining across households, firms, and industries

This study optimizes the joint dispatch of hydrogen-integrated multi-park energy systems to balance cross-sectoral loads and cut emissions. Using Nash bargaining theory as the theoretical framework, the research develops a cooperative game model to optimize joint dispatching across multiple parks in an integrated energy system. The techno-economic framework incorporates hydrogen-doped electric-to-gas (P2G), combined heat and power (CHP), carbon capture and storage (CCS), and renewable integration. The model, applied to three metropolitan parks (industrial, commercial, and residential) over a 24-h scheduling period, demonstrates that cooperative operation significantly reduces costs, enhances renewable energy utilization, and lowers carbon emissions. Results show that, under the case-study parameters, (1) Nash bargaining decreased electricity purchase costs from $1598.94 to $300.12 (an 81.2% reduction), (2) total cooperative costs were reduced by $2321.35 compared to non-cooperative operation, (3) renewable energy integration increased by 6.81 MW, 3.02 MW, and 3.47 MW in the residential, commercial, and industrial parks respectively, (4) carbon emissions were reduced from 232.16 t to 166.04 t across the three scenarios, and (5) hydrogen energy storage effectively alleviated renewable intermittency by converting surplus wind and solar electricity into storable and dispatchable fuel. These results are deterministic estimates for the specific case-study configuration; sensitivity to key techno-economic parameters is discussed in the Limitations section. Policy implications suggest that legislative frameworks and incentives should encourage multi-sectoral cooperation in hydrogen-based integrated energy systems to foster efficiency, resilience, and sustainability.