Advances in rare earth nanomaterials for hydrogen production via small molecule oxidation

Rare earth elements exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic properties due to their unique 4 f electronic structure, rich energy levels, and tunable coordination environments, making them highly attractive for various catalytic reactions. The integration of small molecule oxidation reaction (SOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been identified as a pioneering strategy for the sustainable hydrogen production, as it avoids the high overpotential of conventional oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In recent years, rare earth nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for small molecule electrooxidation, with numerous design strategies being developed to enhance their catalytic activity. This review summarizes recent advances in the modification of rare earth nanomaterials and their applications in electrocatalytic small molecule oxidation, with a focus on how the intrinsic structural properties of rare earth elements contribute to improved catalytic performance. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects for the design and application of rare earth nanomaterials in this field. • A direct correlation between the unique 4 f electronic structure of RE elements and reaction mechanisms in small-molecule oxidation is established, demonstrating a profound understanding of the structure–activity relationship. • This review bridges catalyst design with reactor engineering and techno-economic analysis, evaluating industrial-scale economic viability using real market price data. • A strategic concept of tiered utilization of RE resources in small molecule oxidation reactions is proposed, aligning catalyst innovation with resource sustainability and supply-chain resilience.