From consultation to inclusive engagement: Advancing participatory modeling for net-zero sustainable development

Traditional modeling approaches for net-zero, sustainable development often prioritize technical and expert-driven inputs, producing outputs that overlook critical institutional and behavioral considerations. Although there has been growing interest in participatory approaches and transdisciplinary research in modeling, most processes currently stop at consultation, missing opportunities for deeper stakeholder integration. This paper introduces a structured framework for embedding inclusivity into participatory modeling for Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). Drawing on a mixed-methods study, including a systematic literature review, an online stakeholder survey, and semi-structured interviews with modelers and members of a EU-funded project, we identify three interlinked pillars for an inclusive modeling environment: i) stakeholder representation, ii) engagement dynamics, and iii) collective decision-making. We argue that inclusive participatory modeling is not merely a procedural improvement but a strategic necessity for building models - and informing policies - that are credible, resilient, and socially relevant. • Current, technocratic modelling neglects social, institutional, and political dynamics. • Stakeholder engagement often stops at tokenistic consultation. • We present a framework for inclusive participatory modelling. • The framework ensures diverse representation, engagement dynamics, and collective decision-making. • Inclusive modeling strengthens the credibility, relevance and legitimacy of net-zero policy pathways.