Flexible MXene–hydrogel mechatronics for next-generation energy storage applications: A review

The rapid advancement of wearable and epidermal electronics has driven the demand for compact, flexible, and high-performance energy storage systems. This review examines the integration of two-dimensional (2D) MXenes with hydrogel matrices for multifunctional mechatronic applications in micro-energy storage systems designed for next-generation wearable devices. The review identifies three core research domains: (1) synthesis and structural tailoring of MXene-hydrogel composites, (2) optimization of electrochemical and mechanical behaviors for microbatteries and mirco-supercapacitors, and (3) design of shape-conforming, self-healing, and multifunctional energy devices. From these domains, key challenges are highlighted, including material degradation, environmental sensitivity, and manufacturing scalability. The review further identifies critical knowledge gaps in ion transport dynamics, surface chemistry control, and mechanical adaptability, and proposes future research directions to address these gaps. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive understanding of MXene-hydrogel mechatronics and outlines their potential to enable flexible, autonomous, and high-efficiency next-generation energy storage systems.