Design of decarbonized energy systems for manufacturing sector considering Power-to-Liquid and gas

At the final stage of decarbonization for the manufacturing sector, synthetic fuel utilization system leveraging hydrogen and carbon capture, utilization and storage hold promise, and strategic design principles for rational system configuration are required. To this end, an integrated evaluation framework is required that captures variable renewable energy fluctuations and diverse manufacturing fuel demand, enabling realistic system operation. By incorporating hourly renewable energy variability and diverse hydrocarbon product demand, the study clarifies the interactions and functional roles of Power-to-X technologies and storage systems. A synthetic fuel system model was developed using mixed-integer linear programming, integrating multiple production processes and storage technologies. The introduction of wind power increased power generation facility costs by 41.7%, whereas the smoothing of generation fluctuations reduced adjustment facility costs by 50.4%. Batteries were found to respond to short-term fluctuations, whereas hydrogen and carbon dioxide storage addressed long-term fluctuations. The variable renewable energy generation configurations determine the investment balance between generation and storage, forming the foundation of synthetic fuel system design.