Performance and feasibility of integrated microgrid and microalgae hybrid systems for net-zero energy solutions

This paper presents an integrated microgrid–microalgae hybrid system designed to achieve a net-zero energy microgrid. The system combines photovoltaic power generation, microalgae cultivation, biodiesel production from microalgae-derived bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization, and a hydrogen energy storage subsystem. This approach promotes energy autonomy and carbon neutrality within a circular economy framework. The system’s photovoltaic energy output is estimated through simulations using solar radiation data, which inform the energy supply model. Extracted algal oil is blended with diesel and used in a backup generator to provide emergency power during periods of low sunlight, thereby enhancing the resilience of the microgrid system. The paper also develops a comprehensive process for integrating automated microalgae cultivation into the microgrid, optimizing energy conversion, biomass utilization, and carbon management pathways. Dynamic power allocation and adaptive microalgae utilization strategies are employed to respond to fluctuations in supply and demand, electricity prices, and carbon market signals. The integrated microalgae cultivation subsystem contributes to a 36.8% reduction in carbon emissions and a 6.60% decrease in overall operational costs compared to conventional energy systems. Furthermore, integrating renewable energy, biodiesel production, and hydrogen storage enables the microgrid to operate carbon-neutrally. The proposed net-zero energy microgrid framework provides a scalable and adaptable model to support national and regional pathways toward achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, particularly in campus-scale and distributed energy system applications.