Comprehensive review and performance assessment of Carnot battery storage systems with multiple energy outputs

• Carnot batteries combined with multiple energy production systems are examined. • The units are classified based on the Carnot battery type. • PTES (Rankine-based and Brayton-based) and LAES systems are investigated. • Energy sources, products, integrated systems, and main results are presented. • Thermodynamic and economic comparison and discussion. The Carnot battery, as an advanced energy storage technique, can play a key role in the global transition toward decarbonization and sustainability. On the other hand, multigeneration systems enable the simultaneous production of multiple useful energy outputs with high overall efficiency. The present study aims to review, categorize, and compare energy systems that integrate the concepts of Carnot battery and multigeneration, offering a comprehensive overview of their technological potential. Since the existing literature has not sufficiently examined this combination, the review introduces a novel research perspective that addresses an important scientific gap. The configurations are classified according to the type of Carnot battery employed, while their energy sources, energy products, and integrated components, such as thermal energy storage devices and thermodynamic cycles, are thoroughly discussed. The main outputs include electricity, heat, cooling, domestic hot water, hydrogen, and freshwater. All systems are evaluated and compared based on thermodynamic and economic performance indicators, including power-to-power efficiency, energy and exergy efficiencies, and key economic figures. The results indicate that both energetic and exergetic efficiency, as well as economic feasibility, are enhanced when multiple energy products are generated. Moreover, Brayton-based units exhibit high energy efficiency, whereas configurations with liquid air energy storage show greater economic viability . Overall, this study highlights the significant potential of integrated Carnot battery and multigeneration systems as promising pathways toward sustainable, efficient, and flexible energy solutions for future low-carbon applications.