Optimizing electric vehicle chargers allocation in a V2B office building with dynamic user participation

• Proposes a MILP-based framework to optimize charger configuration in V2B systems under dynamic user participation. • Performance comparison of V2B systems under two different compensation approaches. • Investigates how increasing EV penetration influences optimal charging infrastructure planning in V2B systems. • Evaluates cost savings for both building owners and EV users through V2B integration through a case study. • Delivers actionable recommendations for facility managers deploying EV charging systems in smart buildings. This study proposes a hierarchical Mixed-Integer Linear Programming optimization framework to determine the optimal allocation of unidirectional and bidirectional electric vehicle chargers in a Vehicle-to-Building enabled office building, in order to minimize daily operational costs. Simulations are conducted across two Vehicle-to-Building settings, each defined by a different compensation scheme, and evaluated under six scenarios representing varying levels of electric vehicle user participation. The results demonstrate that strategic Vehilce-to-Building deployment can achieve cost reductions of 0.29–4.86% and grid energy demand reduction up to 7.98% compared to conventional unidirectional Vehicle-One-Grid charging systems in the case study building. However, low participation rates render investments economically not viable. Both the extent of cost savings and the optimal investment in charger infrastructure are highly sensitive to the level of electric vehicle user participation.