The echo of trauma: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adult attachment and intimacy

Child sexual abuse (CSA) can profoundly alter attachment development and the capacity for adult intimacy. This qualitative study used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the experiences of nine adult survivors of CSA in Spain (5 women, 4 men; M age = 39), focusing on how they interpret their patterns of attachment and intimacy through in-depth interviews. The findings reveal the predominance of insecure attachment patterns (fear of abandonment/rejection, dependence, avoidance, inadequacy) originating in early adverse experiences exacerbated by CSA. Intimacy appears wounded, marked by fear of vulnerability, mistrust, difficulties with closeness (especially physical/sexual, with mental blocks and negative reinterpretation), and barriers to emotional openness, evidencing a cycle of psychological vulnerability and relational difficulty derived from the interconnection between attachment and intimacy. However, clear processes of resilience (self-awareness, therapy, setting boundaries, seeking healthy relationships) and a sense of personal growth emerge. The results confirm and phenomenologically illustrate the connection between CSA, insecure attachment, and difficulties in the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation, highlighting the somatic impact of trauma and the restorative role of secure bonds. Resilience emerges as a moderating force, suggesting avenues for intervention and support.