Melting induced thermal transport in buoyancy driven velocity-slip flow of ternary hybrid nanomaterials with nonuniform heat generation/absorption

Ternary hybrid nanofluids, a recent development in nanofluid research, are important for industrial and thermal engineering systems because they improve the system efficiency. This study is designed from the perspective of stretching or shrinking an inclined surface, with the incorporation of ternary nanoparticles in the boundary layer region, which is considered vital owing to its potential applications in diversified engineering mechanisms. In the context of energy elevation, a ternary nanomaterial composed of multi-natured particles and a base liquid with low thermal conductivity is required to achieve this. The ternary nanomaterial is a combination of zinc oxide, silver oxide, and copper oxide, with kerosene oil serving as the base fluid. The physical factor of permeability for inspecting the change in the dynamics of nanomaterials is accounted for using Darcy-Forchheimer. Additionally, the effects of buoyant forces generated by forced and free convection owing to temperature gradients and external motion were examined. The phenomenon of latent energy storage through the consideration of melting heat transfer is also explored. Advancements in heat transfer have been achieved by enhancing the effectiveness of radiation and irregular heat generation and absorption. The construction of a model in the form of a dimensionless ordinary differential equation is accompanied by a parametric representation of the significant factors involved. A numerical simulation using the BVP4c solver is used to inspect the behavior of the factors on the profiles. The solution in the form of upper and lower branches is computed for different parameters. A comparison of the outcomes with those in the available literature is also presented. The results show that by adding ternary hybridized nanoparticles, the energy increases, as found in the Nusselt number calculations. The velocity and thermal distributions were significantly reduced as the melting parameter increased, whereas the boundary layer separation accelerated.