Implementing emerging 3D printing technologies into pharmaceutical sciences education: Pedagogical strategies and learning outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Semi-solid extrusion 3D Printing (SSE-3DP) has emerged as a promising technology to support pharmaceutical compounding, but its implementation in pharmacy education demands specific pedagogical strategies. Beyond introducing a new tool, educators must help students navigate complex formulation-process-performance relationships, fostering technological literacy, problem-solving and critical thinking. AIM: This study aimed to design, implement and evaluate a structured pedagogical strategy to integrate SSE-3DP into the Integrated Master's in Pharmaceutical Sciences, using active-learning methodologies. A flipped classroom approach and laboratory activities supported this implementation, while mathematical equations were introduced to deconstruct the complexity of process optimization and simplify the learning experience. METHODS: A flipped classroom engaged students with pre-class materials on SSE-3DP principles, followed by problem-based laboratory sessions combining guided discussion with hands-on activities in formulation preparation, process optimization and design of printed dosage forms. Multiple Linear Regression models for extrudability and filament deposition were introduced to teach core optimization strategies. Learning outcomes and self-reported gains were assessed post-class. RESULTS: The activity showed positive outcomes. Evidence from classroom implementation demonstrated that the introduction of mathematical models allowed students to virtually explore formulation-process-performance relationships, supporting the learning experience. Students reported high engagement and strong appreciation for the activity, recommending it to future classes, and recognizing the professional relevance of SSE-3DP. CONCLUSION: A pedagogically driven integration of SSE-3DP - grounded in flipped classroom, problem-based laboratory work and model-guided reasoning - can successfully embed advanced manufacturing technologies into pharmacy curricula, promoting experience-based and technology-oriented learning.