Aquatic predators as complementary tools for mosquito vector control: current evidence, ecological considerations, and future directions.

Insecticide-based strategies for mosquito control are increasingly constrained by insecticide resistance, sparking interest in eco-friendly alternatives, one of which is the use of aquatic predators to reduce mosquito densities. Evidence from laboratory, semi-field, and localized field studies indicates that aquatic predators can significantly reduce mosquito larval and adult densities. However, direct evidence linking these ecological effects to sustained reductions in mosquito-borne disease transmission remains limited. This review synthesizes current studies on the use of aquatic predators for mosquito control and examines their potential as a complementary biological strategy within integrated vector management programs. While aquatic predators show promise for suppressing mosquito populations through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects, further research is needed to evaluate their epidemiological impact, operational feasibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and long-term sustainability. Addressing these knowledge gaps will be essential for determining how predator-based approaches can be effectively integrated into existing vector control strategies.