Coordination and supramolecular interactions for stabilizing sensing interfaces: Mechanisms, strategies and applications.

Inadequate interface stability and restricted anti-interference capability in the context of complex matrices represent the fundamental bottlenecks impeding the transition of sensing technology from laboratory-based research to practical applications. The underlying cause stems from the absence of precise regulation of intermolecular interactions at the sensing interface. Coordination supramolecular interactions integrate the rigid anchoring provided by strong coordination bonds with the dynamic adaptability of supramolecular forces, facilitating precise manipulation of interface structure and properties at the molecular level. They have emerged as a crucial scientific methodology for the construction of highly stable and anti-interference sensing interfaces. This paper comprehensively investigates the most recent advancements in interface stabilization propelled by coordination and supramolecular forces. It elaborates on the coupling and synergistic effects between coordination bonds and supramolecular interactions, and summarizes the mechanisms, advantages, and design principles of five strategies: covalent coordination bonding, supramolecular assembly, coordination network encapsulation, metal-ligand bridging, and coordination supramolecular composite cross-linking. The multi-dimensional regulation of interface assembly and sensing performance by the characteristics of recognition elements, the interface micro-environment, and external conditions is expounded. Typical applications in environmental water monitoring, food safety, and biological body fluids are presented. Finally, current challenges are deliberated, including ambiguous anti-interference mechanisms, the compromise between stability and sensitivity, limited characterization tools, and the lack of standardization. Future directions such as adaptive intelligent interfaces, modular platforms, and standardized evaluation systems are put forward. This paper aims to offer unified theoretical guidance for the rational design of high - performance, intelligent, green, and practical sensing interfaces.