Fluorine-rich covalent organic framework/graphene oxide porous adsorbent for centrifugal accelerated pipette tip extraction of fluorinated pesticides in fruits and vegetables.

The widespread application of fluorinated pesticides in agriculture has raised significant concerns regarding their persistence and potential toxicity in food matrices, posing a substantial risk to human health. However, the selective extraction and sensitive determination of trace-level fluorinated pesticides in complex fruit and vegetable samples remain challenging due to matrix interference and low analyte recovery. Herein, we report the rational design of a fluorine-rich covalent organic framework/graphene oxide composite (F-COF/GO) that leverages synergistic interactions-including high-affinity F-F interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, and π-π stacking-to achieve rapid and selective enrichment of fluorinated pesticides. The F-COF/GO was integrated into a centrifugal accelerated pipette tip extraction (CAPTE) protocol, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitative analysis. This method demonstrated ultra-low limits of quantification (1.8-2.5 ng/g), excellent accuracy (86.8-109.7%), and a 25-fold enrichment factor, enabling reliable detection of fluorinated pesticides in real samples. The proposed approach offers a robust platform for monitoring fluorinated pesticide residues, thereby facilitating risk assessment and regulatory decision-making to safeguard food safety.