Rapid determination of triazine herbicides in environmental and biological fluids by hydroxyl COF-based SBSE combined with dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry.

Triazine herbicides are widely used in agricultural production. However, their environmental persistence and mobility pose potential threats to ecological safety and human health. Herein, a novel analytical method integrating stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with airflow-assisted thermal desorption dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry (AFA-TD-DBDI-MS), an ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AMS), was developed for the sensitive determination of triazine herbicides. A hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF-HF) was synthesized and used to fabricate COF-HF-coated stir bars via physical adhesion. The as-prepared stir bars exhibited outstanding extraction performance toward triazine herbicides, and the underlying adsorption mechanism was systematically investigated. The established COF-HF-based SBSE-AFA-TD-DBDI-MS method demonstrated good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9957), satisfactory recoveries (91.31%-98.81%), good repeatability (RSD ≤ 8.49%), and low limits of detection (0.0061-0.0312 ng/mL). This study provides a rapid and efficient strategy for monitoring trace triazine pollutants in environmental water and serum matrices.