Two decades and beyond: What we know and still need to learn about the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway

TWEAK is a multifunctional cytokine that exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms. TWEAK interacts with its sole receptor, Fn14, leading to the activation of various downstream signaling pathways, including MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Smad, etc., thereby regulating cell fate. The TWEAK/Fn14 signaling cascade is a unique pathway that is involved in the development mechanisms of different diseases targeting cardiovascular, pulmonary, dermatological, cancer, etc. Activation of the signaling pathway results in cytokines and chemokines production, which exert their role by communicating with neighboring cells, promoting cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, etc. However, the function and process of the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling pathway in various diseases have not been completely understood. Furthermore, clinical translation of TWEAK/Fn-14-mediated targeted therapies faces several challenges, including a lack of specific biomarkers, limited clinical evidence, and disease-specific heterogeneity. In this review, we have systematically outlined the current knowledge about the structural, functional, and pharmacological functions of the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling pathway. We have outlined how further experimental research is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathway. Additionally, we also highlight the emerging potential of small druggable molecules targeting the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling cascade, emphasizing future directions for the management of various diseases.